1. The information on this page has been adapted with permission from William Strauss and Neil Howe, Generations: The History of America's Future, 1584 to 2069 (New York: William Morrow and Company, Inc., 1991) and Strauss and Howe, The Fourth Turning: An American Prophecy (New York: Broadway Books [Bantam-Doubleday-Dell], 1997). For more information on historical generations and how generational theory can help predict the future, visit Strauss and Howe's fourthturning.com and lifecourse.com sites. [Back to your place.]

2. Strauss and Howe (1991), p. 74; Strauss and Howe (1997), p. 137. [Back to your place.]

3. Strauss and Howe (1991), p. 299, citing Todd Gitlin, The Sixties: Years of Hope, Days of Rage (1987), p.355. [Back to your place.]

4. Ibid., citing Jacob Brackman, "My Generation," Esquire (October 1968); Erik Erikson, "Toward the Year 2000,"Daedalus (Summer 1967). [Back to your place.]

5. Ibid., citing Brackman (1968); Gitlin (1987), p. 433; "Take Back the Park," San Francisco Chronicle (August 26, 1990). [Back to your place.]

6. Ibid., citing Abigail Truffaut, "The Rise of the Neo-Puritans," Washington Post (July 8, 1990); The Who, My Generation (song, 1965). [Back to your place.]

7. Ibid., pp. 299-301; Strauss and Howe (1997), p. 166, citing Landon Jones, Great Expectations: America and the Baby Boom Generation (1980); William Manchester, The Glory and the Dream: A Narrative History of America, 1932-1972 (1974), p. 287; Time, 1965 article cited in Michael Medved and David Wallechinsky, What Really Happened to the Class of '65? (1976), p. 3; Time, cover story (January 6, 1967). [Back to your place.]

8. Strauss and Howe (1991), p. 301. [Back to your place.]

9. Ibid., citing Richard Esterlin, Birth and Fortune: The Impact of Numbers on Personal Welfare (1980), p. 147. [Back to your place.]

10. Ibid., citing Annie Gottlieb, Do You Believe in Magic? The Second Coming of the Sixties Generation (1987), p. 8. [Back to your place.]

11. Ibid., citing Patrick Caddell, "The Politics of the Baby Boom," in David Boaz (ed.), Left, Right, and Baby Boom (1986). [Back to your place.]

12. Ibid., citing Brackman (1968). [Back to your place.]

13. Ibid., pp. 301-02, citing Kenneth Keniston, Young Radicals: Notes on Committed Youth (1968), p. 73; Ronald Allison, in Time, "Let It Be Vivid, Let It Be Now!" in Alexander Klein (ed.), Natural Enemies: Youth and the Clash of Generations (1969). [Back to your place.]

14. Ibid., p. 302, citing Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., "Students and the Velocity of History," in Klein (1969); Richard Wirthlin et al., "Campaign Chronicle," Public Opinion (February-March 1981). [Back to your place.]

15. Ibid., citing Keniston (1968), p. 55; Henry Malcolm, Generation of Narcissus (1971), p. 56; Lewis Feuer, The Conflict of Generations (1969), p. 470. [Back to your place.]

16. Ibid.; Strauss and Howe (1997), p 191, citing Irving Kristol, "What's Bugging the Students," Atlantic Monthly (November 1965). [Back to your place.]

17. Strauss and Howe (1991), p 302, citing Gitlin (1987), p. 426; Christopher Lasch, The Culture of Narcissism: American Life in an Age of Diminishing Expectations (1979); The Graduate (film, 1967). [Back to your place.]

18. Ibid., pp. 302-03, citing Katy Butler, "The Great Boomer Bust," Mother Jones (June 1989). [Back to your place.]

19. Ibid., p. 303. [Back to your place.]

20. Ibid.; Strauss and Howe (1997), p. 190, citing Jonathan Cott, in Marilyn Ferguson, The Aquarian Conspiracy: Personal and Social Transformation in the 1980s (1980), p. 87. [Back to your place.]

21. Strauss and Howe (1997), p. 190, citing Ferguson (1980), p. 87. [Back to your place.]

22. Strauss and Howe (1991), p. 303; Strauss and Howe (1997), p. 190, citing Ferguson (1980), p. 87. [Back to your place.]

23. Strauss and Howe (1991), p. 303. [Back to your place.]

24. Ibid., p. 304, citing Wanda Urbanska, The Singular Generation: Young Americans in the 1980s (1986), p. 82. [Back to your place.]

25. Ibid., citing Bill Tickel, in "Reluctant Couple Converts to Activism," Washington Post (February 2, 1989); Bureau of the Census, Current Population Reports, series P-60; "'50s Baby Boom Losing Ground in Economic Race," Washington Post (September 8, 1984); Quinn Mills, Not Like Our Parents: A New Look at How the Baby Boom Generation Is Changing America (1987), p. 16; "New Arguments About America's New Jobs," Public Opinion (July-August 1987); Bureau of the Census, Historical Statistics of the United States, Colonial Times to 1970 (1975), series A-158, A-159; Bureau of the Census, Statistical Abstract of the United States no, 126; Willard L. Rodgers and Arland Thornton, "Changing Patterns of First Marriage in the United States," Demography (May 1985). [Back to your place.]

26. Ibid., citing "The Great American Boom," Fortune (June 1946); Jones (1980), p. 20. [Back to your place.]

27. Ibid., pp. 304-05, citing Butler (1989). [Back to your place.]

28. Ibid., p. 305, citing Jones (1980), pp. 19-35. [Back to your place.]

29. Strauss and Howe (1997), p. 166. [Back to your place.]

30. Ibid.; Strauss and Howe (1991), p. 307, citing Eda Leshan, The Wonderful Crisis of Middle Age (1973), pp. 116-17. [Back to your place.]

31. Ibid.; Strauss and Howe (1991), pp. 307-08, citing Benjamin Spock, The Common Sense Book of Baby and Child Care (1946), ch. 1, "The Parents' Part"; Spock, in "When a Generation Turns 40," U.S. News and World Report (March 10, 1986). [Back to your place.]

32. Ibid.; Strauss and Howe (1991), p. 308, citing Dr. Leo Pirojnikoff, in Susan Littwin, The Postponed Generation: Why American Youth Are Growing Up Later (1986), p. 20. [Back to your place.]

33. Ibid., p. 167; Strauss and Howe (1991), p. 305, citing Margaret Steinfels, Who's Minding the Children? The History and Politics of Day Care in America (1973), pp. 72-73; Littwin (1986), p. 20. [Back to your place.]

34. Ibid. [Back to your place.]

35. Ibid., pp. 167-68, citing Jones (1980), pp. 18-19. [Back to your place.]

36. Strauss and Howe (1991), p. 308, citing Cheryl Merser, Grown-Ups (1987), pp. 106, 88. [Back to your place.]

37. Strauss and Howe (1997), p. 167. [Back to your place.]

38. Ibid, citing Spock (1946). [Back to your place.]

39. Strauss and Howe (1991), p. 305, citing Keniston (1968), p. 51; Barbara Bryant, "High School Students Look at Their World," Ohio State Department of Education (1970); Philip Wylie, The Sons and Daughters of Mom (1971). [Back to your place.]

40. Ibid.; Strauss and Howe (1997), p. 167, citing Carol Foster (ed.), Growing Up in America (1989), p. 36; Phyllis McGinley, "The New Breed of Parents," in Klein (1969); "Penicillin Losing Some Punch," San Francisco Chronicle (February 23, 1989). [Back to your place.]

41. Ibid., p. 308; Strauss and Howe (1997), p. 168. [Back to your place.]

42. Strauss and Howe (1997), p. 168, citing Daniel Yankelovich et al., The Sixties Generation: A Profile (1986); Jones (1980). [Back to your place.]

43. Ibid., pp. 168-69. [Back to your place.]

44. Strauss and Howe (1991), p. 308. [Back to your place.]

45. Ibid., p. 306, citing Wirtz Commission Report (1977); Alexander Astin, Kenneth Green, and William Korn, The American Freshman: Twenty Year Trends, 1966-1985 (1987), p. 85; David Bromley, Mary Crow, and Martha Gibson, "Grade Inflation: Trends, Causes, and Implications," Phi Delta Kappan (June 1978); "Downgrading No-Grade," Time (February 4, 1974); Diane Ravitch, The Troubled Crusade: American Education, 1945-1980 (1983), p. 225; Cheryl Russell, 100 Predictions for the Baby Boom (1987), p. 47; Bureau of the Census, Current Population Reports, series P-20. [Back to your place.]

46. Ibid., p. 308, citing the Beatles, I Wanna Hold Your Hand (song, 1964); The Rolling Stones, Let's Spend the Night Together (song, 1967); Bruce Springsteen, Dancing in the Dark (song, 1984). [Back to your place.]

47. Strauss and Howe (1997), p. 169, citing Kerr, in Jones (1980), p. 98. [Back to your place.]

48. Strauss and Howe (1991), p. 309, citing Ravitch (1983), p. 196; Peter Collier and David Horowitz, Destructive Generation: Second Thoughts About the Sixties (1989), p. 319. [Back to your place.]

49. Strauss and Howe (1997), p. 190. [Back to your place.]

50. Ibid.; Strauss and Howe (1991), p. 309, citing James Simon Kunen, Strawberry Statement: Notes of a College Revolutionary (1969). [Back to your place.]

51. Ibid.; Strauss and Howe (1991), p. 309, citing Daniel Moynihan, "Nirvana Now," American Scholar (Autumn 1967); Michael Harrington, "Mystical Militants," in Klein (1969). [Back to your place.]

52. Strauss and Howe (1991), p. 309, citing Ravitch (1983), p. 223; Keniston (1968), p. 81. [Back to your place.]

53. Strauss and Howe (1997), p. 191, citing Charles Reich, The Greening of America (1970), p. 217. [Back to your place.]

54. Ibid., citing Seymour Martin Lipset and Everett Carll Ladd, Jr., "The Political Future of Activist Generations," in Philip G. Altbach and Robert Laufer (eds.), The New Pilgrims: Youth Protest in Transition (1972). [Back to your place.]

55. Strauss and Howe (1991), p. 310. [Back to your place.]

56. Ibid., p. 306, citing Lawrence M. Baskir and William Strauss, Chance and Circumstance: The Draft, the War and the Vietnam Generation (1978), pp. 5, 30-31, 69; Yankelovich et al. (1986); Lipset and Ladd (1972). [Back to your place.]

57. Ibid., p. 310; Strauss and Howe (1997), p. 192, citing Lawrence Baskir and William Strauss, Chance and Circumstance: The Draft, the War, and the Vietnam Generation (1978); Yankelovich et al. (1978). [Back to your place.]

58. Ibid., pp. 305, 310, citing Gitlin (1987), p. 318; U.S. Department of Justice, Special Report: Drunk Driving, Bureau of Justice Statistics (February 1988); National Center for Health Statistics, Health, United States, 1987 (1988), table 31; Herbert Hendin, Suicide in America (1982), ch. 2; René F. W. Diekstra and Keith Hawton, Suicide in Adolescence (1987), ch. 1; Bureau of the Census, Statistical Abstract of the United States, no. 87; Marvin Wolfgang and Neil Weiner (eds.), Criminal Violence (1982), p. 193. [Back to your place.]

59. Ibid., p. 310; Strauss and Howe (1997), p. 190, citing Brown, in Lipset and Ladd (1972). [Back to your place.]

60. Ibid., p. 306, citing Lipset and Ladd (1972). [Back to your place.]

61. Ibid., p. 310; Strauss and Howe (1997), p. 190. [Back to your place.]

62. Ibid., p. 306, citing CBS-News-New York Times poll, cited in "Opponents to U.S. Move Have Poverty in Common," The New York Times (September 8, 1990). [Back to your place.]

63. Ibid., p. 310. [Back to your place.]

64. Strauss and Howe (1997), p. 192. [Back to your place.]

65. Strauss and Howe (1991), p. 310, citing the Beatles, Let It Be (song, 1970); Lamont, in Horowitz (1987), p. 255. [Back to your place.]

66. Ibid., p. 306, citing Morton Hunt, Sexual Behavior in the 1970s (1974), pp. 152-53, 190, 258-61, 315. [Back to your place.]

67. Ibid., pp. 310-11. [Back to your place.]

68. Ibid., p. 311; Strauss and Howe (1997), p. 192, citing Leshan (1973), p. 128; Daily Californian (graduation issue, 1971). [Back to your place.]

69. Ibid.; Strauss and Howe (1997), pp. 192-93, citing Harvey A. Levenstein, Revolution at the Table: The Transformation of the American Diet (1988), p. 204. [Back to your place.]

70. Ibid.; Strauss and Howe (1997), p. 193. [Back to your place.]

71. Ibid. [Back to your place.]

72. Ibid., citing "Manifesto of the Person," by Theodore Roszak, cited in Marilyn Ferguson, The Aquarian Conspiracy: Personal and Social Transformation in the 1980s (1980), p. 36; Wanda Urbanska, The Singular Generation: Young Americans in the 1980s (1986), p. 211. [Back to your place.]

73. Ibid., pp. 307, 311-12, citing John Naisbitt, Megatrends 2000: Ten New Directions for the 1990s (1990), pp. 275-88; "For Young Baby Boomers, Deeper Faith," Atlanta Constitution (March 3, 1990); CBS News-New York Times "48 Hours" poll (December 5-8, 1989); Darman, in "Darman's Soft Shoe," Washington Post (August 10, 1989). [Back to your place.]

74. Ibid., p. 307. [Back to your place.]

75. Ibid., p. 307; Strauss and Howe (1997), p. 194, citing CBS News-New York Times poll (December 5-8, 1988, Iowa Caucus); ABC News exit poll, in Washington Post (February 17, 1988, NH primary); CBS News-New York Times poll, in "Portrait of the Super Tuesday Voters," The New York Times (March 10, 1988); CBS-New York Times poll (June 7, 1988, CA and NJ primaries). [Back to your place.]

76. Strauss and Howe (1997), p. 194, citing Bill Graham, in Jones (1980), p. 135. [Back to your place.]

77. Ibid., citing Gitlin (1987). [Back to your place.]

78. Strauss and Howe (1991), p. 307, citing Frank S. Levy and Richard C. Michel, "The Economic Future of the Baby Boom" (paper presented at conference of Americans for Generational Equity on April 10-11, 1986): in these figures, the Greatest father was born in 1919, the Silent father in 1929, and the first-wave Boomer in 1943. For Boomer lifestyle comparisons with their parents, see Ralph Whitehead, Glory Days: The Baby Boom Generation and the American Dream, Center for National Policy (1986). [Back to your place.]

79. Strauss and Howe (1997), p. 222. [Back to your place.]

80. Ibid., p. 223; Strauss and Howe (1991), p. 312, citing "The Big Chill (Revisited) or Whatever Happened to the Baby Boom?" American Demographics (September 1985); "Played Out: The Going Gets Tough and Madison Avenue Dumps the Yuppies," Wall Street Journal (December 9, 1987). [Back to your place.]

81. Ibid., citing Rush H. Limbaugh III, The Way Things Ought To Be (1992); William Bennett, The Book of Virtues (1993). [Back to your place.]

82. Ibid., citing William Dunn, "Demographers Track Down the Cause of Clinton's Behavior: He's a Boomer," Wall Street Journal (May 8, 1993). [Back to your place.]

83. Ibid., citing James Johnson, Ohio militia leader, to the Senate Judiciary Committee, in "Militias Meet the Senate with Conspiracies to Share," Washington Post (June 16, 1995). [Back to your place.]

84. Ibid., p. 224, citing "In Search of the Sacred," Newsweek (November 28, 1994). [Back to your place.]

85. Ibid., citing Robert Putnam, "Bowling Alone: America's Declining Social Capital," Journal of Democracy (January 1995); Evan Thomas, "Hooray for Hypocrisy," Newsweek (January 29, 1996). [Back to your place.]

86. Ibid. [Back to your place.]

87. Ibid., p. 225, citing Neil Howe and William Strauss, "Tired of Boomer Leaders? Hang On," USA Today (November 13, 1995). [Back to your place.]

88. Ibid., citing "Vote Tally" and "Bill Tally," semi-annual publications of the Congressional Budget Tracking System, National Taxpayers Union Foundation. [Back to your place.]

89. Ibid., p. 226, citing CBS News-New York Times poll (December 5-8, 1988, Iowa Caucus); ABC News exit poll, in Washington Post (February 17, 1988, NH primary); CBS News-New York Times poll, in "Portrait of the Super Tuesday Voters," The New York Times (March 10, 1988); CBS-New York Times poll (June 7, 1988, CA and NJ primaries); "Recap of the Primaries," Washington Post (July 12, 1992); exit polls in Washington Post for Iowa (February 13, 1996), Arizona (February 28, 1996), South Carolina (March 3, 1996), Maryland (March 6, 1996). [Back to your place.]

90. Ibid., citing Times Mirror Center for The People and The Press, Times Mirror Study of the American Electorate: The People, the Press, and Politics (1988 and 1994); Gallup Polls cited in The American Enterprise (January 2, 1996). [Back to your place.]

91. Ibid. [Back to your place.]

92. Ibid., pp. 226-27, citing "For Younger Baby Boomers, Deeper Faith," Atlanta Constitution (March 3, 1990); survey figures in Wade Clark Roof, A Generation of Seemers (1993); Roper poll on churchgoing, in Wall Street Journal (December 2, 1994). [Back to your place.]

93. Ibid., p. 227, citing "Angels: Hark! America's Latest Search for Spiritual Meaning Has a Halo Effect," Newsweek (December 27, 1993); "Alien Invasion!" Newsweek (July 8, 1996). [Back to your place.]

94. Ibid., p. 228, citing Clarissa Pilkola Estés, Women Who Run With the Wolves (1992). [Back to your place.]

95. Ibid., citing The American Enterprise (January 2, 1996). [Back to your place.]

96. Ibid., citing "Building a Better Dad," Newsweek (June 7, 1996). [Back to your place.]

97. Ibid., pp. 228-29, citing Stephen L. Carter, The Culture of Disbelief (1993); Shelby Steele, The Content of Our Character (1990); "Church Meets State," U.S. News and World Report (April 24, 1995). [Back to your place.]

98. Ibid., pp. 229-30, citing Mickey Kaus, The End of Equality (1992). [Back to your place.]

99. Ibid., p. 230, citing Martha Bayles, Hole in Our Soul (1994). [Back to your place.]

100. Ibid., p. 231, citing survey by the Soap and Detergent Association, in "Shampoo Planet," U.S. News and World Report (April 22, 1996). [Back to your place.]

101. Ibid., p. 232, citing Bureau of the Census, Money Income of Households, Families, and Persons in the United States, Current Population Reports, Series P-60; Whitehead (1986). [Back to your place.]

102. Ibid., p. 280. [Back to your place.]

103. Ibid., citing Craig S. Karpel, The Retirement Myth: What You Must Know to Prosper in the Coming Meltdown (1995), ch. 16, "Owl Moutain." (Back to your place.]

104. Ibid., citing Ken Dychtwald and Joe Flower, Age Wage: The Challenges and Opportunities of an Aging America (1989); Cheryl Russell, The Master Trend (1993). [Back to your place.]

105. Ibid., pp. 280-81, citing Zalman Schachter-Shalomi and Ronald S. Miller, From Age-ing to Sage-ing: A Profound New Vision of Growing Older (1995); Harry Moody, in Schachter-Shalomi and Miller (1995), p. 26; Gail Sheehy, New Passages: Mapping Your Life Across Time (1995); David Gutmann, Reclaimed Powers: Toward a New Psychology of Men and Women in Later Life (1987). [Back to your place.]

106. Ibid., p. 281, citing Jean Bolen, Goddesses in Everywoman (1984). [Back to your place.]

107. Ibid., pp. 281-82, citing Deepak Chopra, Quantum Healing: Exploring the Frontiers of the Mind/Body Medicine (1989); Ralph Waldo Emerson, Journals (1845). [Back to your place.]

108. Ibid., pp. 282-83, citing David Barker, The K-Wave: Profiting from Cyclical Booms and Busts in the Global Economy (1995), p. 250. [Back to your place.]

109. Ibid., p. 283, citing Annual Statistical Supplement, 1995, to the Social Security Bulletin, Social Security Administration. [Back to your place.]

110. Ibid., p. 285, citing Eugene Bianchi, Aging as a Spiritual Journey (1984). [Back to your place.]

111. Ibid., citing Joan Halifax, in Schachter-Shalomi and Miller (1995), p. 59. [Back to your place.]

112. Ibid., citing Nathaniel Hawthorne, "The Gray Champion," Twice-Told Tales (first series, 1837); the third stanza of Julia Ward Howe, "The Battle Hymn of the Republic" (song lyrics, published 1862); H. L. Mencken, "The New Deal Mentality" (1936); President Franklin Roosevelt, in speech accepting renomination (June 27, 1936). [Back to your place.]

113. Ibid., p. 286, citing Collier and Horowitz (1989), p. 335. [Back to your place.]

114. Ibid., citing James Redfield, in "The Prophecy Fulfilled," Newsweek (June 24, 1996); Cornel West, in Leon Wieseltier, "All and Nothing at All: The Unreal World of Cornel West," New Republic (March 6, 1995). [Back to your place.]

115. Ibid., pp. 286-87, citing Marcus Tullius Cicero (106-43 B.C.), De senectute. [Back to your place.]

116. Ibid., p. 287, citing Winston S. Churchill, speech before the House of Commons (April 17, 1945). [Back to your place.]

117. Strauss and Howe (1991), p. 315, citing Lloyd Bentson, in 1988 Vice-Presidential debate; Howard Metzenbaum, in Mary McGrory, "Drug Czar's First Stop: D.C.," Washington Post (March 9, 1989). [Back to your place.]

118. Ibid., pp. 315-16, citing Benjamin Stein, "Oh, I Miss the Revolution," The New York Times (April 4, 1988); Reich (1970), p. 350. [Back to your place.]

119. Ibid., p. 316, citing Good Housekeeping, "The 'Decency Decade' Begins Today," The New York Times (January 2, 1990). [Back to your place.]